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Les pays baltes achèvent leur déconnexion énergétique de la Russie

La Lituanie, la Lettonie et l'Estonie vont couper leurs derniers liens avec le réseau électrique russe. Ce basculement, prévu le 8 février, marque leur intégration complète au réseau européen après des années de préparation et d'investissements.

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Après des décennies de dépendance au réseau électrique russe, les trois pays baltes franchissent une étape clé dans leur transition énergétique. À partir du 8 février, la Lituanie, la Lettonie et l’Estonie cesseront définitivement d’utiliser le système énergétique BRELL, contrôlé par Moscou, pour rejoindre le réseau européen via la Pologne.

Une transition stratégique après des années de préparation

Ce projet, amorcé depuis plusieurs années, s’inscrit dans une volonté des pays baltes d’assurer leur indépendance énergétique. Depuis leur adhésion à l’Union européenne (UE) et à l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique nord (OTAN) en 2004, ces États cherchaient à se libérer des infrastructures héritées de l’ère soviétique. La synchronisation avec le réseau européen a nécessité des investissements massifs, atteignant 1,6 milliard d’euros, partagés entre les pays baltes et la Pologne.

Les infrastructures ont dû être adaptées pour assurer la stabilité du réseau une fois la connexion avec la Russie rompue. L’un des défis techniques majeurs résidait dans la régulation de la fréquence électrique, auparavant gérée depuis Moscou. Désormais, la gestion de cette fréquence sera assurée localement et synchronisée avec l’Europe.

Un test grandeur nature avant la bascule

Avant de finaliser l’intégration au réseau européen, les pays baltes fonctionneront en “mode isolé” pendant une journée. Ce test doit permettre d’évaluer la stabilité du système avant la synchronisation définitive avec l’Europe. “Nous allons éteindre et relancer les centrales électriques, observer les fluctuations de fréquence et évaluer notre capacité à les contrôler”, a déclaré Rokas Masiulis, directeur de Litgrid, l’opérateur public du réseau électrique lituanien.

La synchronisation avec le réseau européen débutera le 9 février, une fois les tests validés. Des hélicoptères et des drones seront déployés par l’opérateur polonais PSE pour surveiller les infrastructures et garantir la sécurité des connexions transfrontalières.

Des risques techniques et des incertitudes

Si les gouvernements des pays baltes assurent que cette transition ne causera pas de perturbations majeures pour les consommateurs, certains habitants prennent leurs précautions. En Estonie, la demande de générateurs électriques a fortement augmenté en janvier, témoignant des craintes d’éventuelles coupures. “Les ventes de générateurs ont augmenté de plusieurs dizaines de fois par rapport à la même période l’année dernière”, a confirmé Priit Vaio, responsable des ventes chez Bauhof, une enseigne spécialisée dans les équipements domestiques.

Par ailleurs, le département de la sécurité de l’État lituanien a mis en garde contre d’éventuelles actions de déstabilisation. “Divers risques sont possibles, tels que des cyberattaques ou des campagnes de désinformation”, a déclaré l’institution. Ces préoccupations s’inscrivent dans un contexte de tensions régionales accrues depuis l’invasion russe de l’Ukraine en 2022.

Conséquences pour le réseau électrique de Kaliningrad

Cette transition aura également un impact sur l’enclave russe de Kaliningrad, qui ne sera plus connectée aux infrastructures baltes. Le système énergétique de cette région devra fonctionner de manière autonome, en mode “îlot”. Moscou affirme avoir pris les mesures nécessaires pour garantir la stabilité de l’approvisionnement électrique.

Avec cette transition, les pays baltes mettent un terme à une dépendance énergétique de plusieurs décennies vis-à-vis de la Russie. Cette intégration au réseau européen s’inscrit dans une dynamique plus large de sécurisation énergétique et de renforcement des infrastructures locales.

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